10: Only multiply for the and problem.
13: A probability distribution shows all the possible outcomes (in this case, 2 through 12) and how likely each one is.
14: This is an and problem, so multiply the probabilities.
15: You are choosing two of the eight council members.
17: The number of possible answer sequences is five choose problems multiplied together, and this becomes the denominator for the probability that a random sequence is the correct one.
19: This is three choose problems multiplied together.
20: This is three choose problems multiplied together, or it could also be calculated as a single permutation.